About one third of patients with epilepsy do not benefit from medical treatment. For these patients electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback is a viable alternative. EEG biofeedback, or neurofeedback, normalizes or enhances EEG activity by means of operant conditioning. While dozens of scientific reports have been published on neurofeedback for seizure disorder, most have been case series with too few subjects to establish efficacy. The purpose of this paper is to meta-analyze existing research on neurofeedback and epilepsy. We analyzed every EEG biofeedback study indexed in MedLine, PsychInfo, and PsychLit databases between 1970 and 2005 on epilepsy that provided seizure frequency change in response to feedback. Sixty-three studies have been published, 10 of which provided enough outcome information to be included in a meta-analysis. All studies consisted of patients whose seizures were not controlled by medical therapies, which is a very important factor to keep in mind when interpreting the results. Nine of 10 studies reinforced sensorimotor rhythms (SMR) while 1 study trained slow cortical potentials (SCP). All studies reported an overall mean decreased seizure incidence following treatment and 64 out of 87 patients (74%) reported fewer weekly seizures in response to EEG biofeedback. Treatment effect was mean log (post/pre) where pre and post represent number of seizures per week prior to treatment and at final evaluation, respectively. Due to prevalence of small groups, Hedges's g was computed for effect size. As sample heterogeneity was possible (Q test, p=.18), random effects were assumed and the effect of intervention was -0.233, SE = 0.057, z = -4.11, p<.001. Based on this meta-analysis, EEG operant conditioning was found to produce a significant reduction on seizure frequency. This finding is especially noteworthy given the patient group, individuals who had been unable to control their seizures with medical treatment.

Clin EEG Neurosci. 2009 Jul;40(3):173-9. Tan G, Thornby J, Hammond DC, Strehl U, Canady B, Arnemann K, Kaiser DA. Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. tan.gabriel@va.gov

Posted: 01/25/2010



This article provided by The International Hypnosis Research Institute.

Enter your email address to subscribe to the IHRI Newsletter.

Golf Like the Pros Golf Like the Pros!Research has shown that hypnosis can be a very successful technique to enhance golf performance.Using the power of the mind,you tap into your full potential as a golf player at the deep, inner level are extremely effective.

Exercise with Enthusiasm Exercise gives you a natural high.These chemicals help reduce feelings of anxiety,stress,& mild to moderate depression.During this hypnosis session your mind will be tuned to associate the great feeling of chemicals through exercise.

Snoring No More! Snoring NO MORE! If you have no physical problems that are causing your snoring, this hypnosis session can revolutionize your sleeping habits because it works to actually retrain muscles in your mouth and throat.